南奴 于 2000/10/06 07:23:25 发表在 汉英
先谢谢各位同道对portholes 的解释，尤其是HZ君提供的资料。
不久前的李文和案，外电常提到plea bargains 这个词。港台方面译成“认罪协议”，是否正确？
新英汉词典对plea这个字的解释是“抗辩”（法），似乎不完备，套不上plea bargains.
另外，法庭新闻中说被告enter a plea，是什么意思呢？
再另外，下文中的plea应作何解？
Art auction house Sotheby's agreed to plead guilty to price-fixing charges and to pay a 45
million dollar criminal fine.
" The behavior that led to today's PLEA was wrong and is unacceptable," said Ruprecht, who is
president of Sotheby's Holdings.
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我想这里的plea和bargain属固定搭配的法律术语
作者：古月 - 2000/10/06 11:21:00
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如果实在要分割剖析，那么这里的plea相当于“plead guilty”。整个术语要从中国的“坦白从宽”角度去理解。如果先“认罪”，那么其它方面便可协议解决，或可得到从轻发落。这就叫认罪交易。网上字典可以查到这个术语的定义。下面就是一例，供参考。
plea bargain
n. in criminal procedure, a negotiation between the defendant and his attorney on one side and the prosecutor on the other, in which the defendant agrees to plead "guilty" or "no contest" to some crimes, in return for reduction of the severity of the charges, dismissal of some of the charges, the prosecutor's willingness to recommend a particular sentence or some other benefit to the defendant. Sometimes one element of the bargain is that the defendant reveal information such as location of stolen goods, names of others participating in the crime or admission of other crimes (such as a string of burglaries). The judge must agree to the result of the plea bargain before accepting the plea. If he does not, then the bargain is cancelled. Reasons for the bargain include a desire to cut down on the number of trials, danger to the defendant of a long term in prison if convicted after trial and the ability to get information on criminal activity from the defendant. There are three dangers: a) an innocent defendant may be pressured into a confession and plea out of fear of a severe penalty if convicted; b) particularly vicious criminals will get lenient treatment and be back "on the street" in a short time; c) results in unequal treatment. Public antipathy to plea bargaining has led to some state statutes prohibiting the practice, but informal discussions can get around the ban.
Source: http://dictionary.law.com/definition2.asp?selected=1541&bold=||||
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关于 Plea
作者：学而 - 2000/10/06 14:56:11
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plea 本是名词，意义多样。在南奴君的例文中指被告对是否有罪的的正式回答。
认罪是 plea of guilty, 不认罪是 plea of not guilty。其相应动词是 plead:
to plead guilty / to plead not guilty.
但现在也有把 plead 说成 plea 的，即把 plea 当动词用。最新的英语字典尚未
承认这一用法。但此用例比比皆是：
[The offer is typically in the form of "If the defendant will plea guilty
now to the charge we want him to plea guilty to, then at the time of
sentencing the prosecution will recommend to the judge that the sentence
be as follows:...". ]
(http://www.co.san-diego.ca.us/cnty/cntydepts/safety/defender/arrested.html)
[Lawyer: man to plea guilty in friend's desert killing]
(http://www.boston.com/news/daily/07/raffi.htm)
南君文中的 plea 可以根据上下文理解为“认罪”。enter a plea: 指被告执行对罪名
的回答程序，即回答有罪还是无罪，或其他法律规定的答复。
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谢谢学而君的研究。
作者：laoliu - 2000/10/06 16:44:07
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不过，我认为 plea gulity 是讹用，因为 plead 里的 d 发音很短，甚至可以不发。再者，plea gulity 的过去时怎么讲呢？
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Pleaed guilty
作者：学而 - 2000/10/06 18:36:30
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Tons of examples.
[The parents of the person who ,pleaed guilty to the murder of 3 students are now attempting to sue companies for their possible influence on their son. ] (http://sac.uky.edu/~jeking0/wakeup.html)
[Three Washington and Lee University students pleaed guilty to misdemeanor assault and battery charges in Amherst County today.]
(http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/VA-news/WDBJ-7/script_archives/98/0598/052698
[Tried separately, the first to be tried, Gilbert, was found
not guilty of all charges. With the intervention of the FBI,
Chester Jackson pleaed guilty to a lesser charge and turned state witness against Herman Wallace and Albert Woodfox. ]
(http://srd.yahoo.com/goo/%2B%22pleaed+guilty%22/1/*http://burn.ucsd.edu/archives/ats-l/1998.09/msg00020.html)
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"pleaed," ugly! :-)
作者：laoliu - 2000/10/06 19:00:21
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用 AltaVista 查，“pleaed guilty”出现3次，“pleaed”少于70次。我的猜测还是，这是一个误用。“plea guilty”用的人很多，因为发音甚近。当要用“pleaed guilty”时，他们就发现了问题所在，因为通常听到的是“pled guilty”。
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谢谢各位对 plea 的探讨！
作者：野草 - 2000/10/06 19:20:14
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我认为laoliu看法有理。English native speakers 也会犯错。Plead 由于结尾音近似普通过去式动词尾音，误以为原形为plea 大有可能，加上名词 plea 本身意义相近，混淆更不奇怪。网上多例，大概只能证明讹用不少 - 至少现在只能这么说。至于将来，二十年后，会不会反讹为正，那也难说，毕竟语言是不断变迁的。不管怎么说，注意到这个 plea 和 plead 的有趣语言现象，本身就是非常有意思、有意义的。
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窃以为，此现象似乎跟“I'd better go”写成“I better go”类似。但只是个别人的用法，不足为训。
作者：Last Hermit - 2000/10/07 08:04:47
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"plea bargaining" in Cambridge Dictionary
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Meunique
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这种 better 的用法远非个别。有的字典已承认。
作者：学而 - 2000/10/07 11:47:58
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[5. You use had better or 'd better when you advising, warning, or threatening
someone,....In spoken English people sometimes use better without 'had' or 'be'
before it. It has the same meaning.]
(Collins Cobuild English Dictionary, London 1995)
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when you are advising ...
作者：学而 - 2000/10/07 11:53:41
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口语里的确有很多，但据夸氏的“语法大全”(1985)称，如果是作为书面语的话则不可，这种用法只用于很不正式的场合。而1992年的American Heritage Dictionary则直接说明不可接受。我所说的“个别”是指written English里不常见。
作者：Last Hermit - 2000/10/08 11:22:05
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better Usage Note: The phrase had better is acceptable, as long as the had or its contraction is preserved: You had better do it or You'd better do it, but not You better do it.
Excerpted from The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition Copyright ?1992 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Electronic version licensed from Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products N.V., further reproduction and distribution restricted in accordance with the Copyright Law of the United States. All rights reserved.
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Meunique
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应是讹用。我的 engine 回了 14 例 pleaed guilty, 257 例 pleaed。看来已驻足民间，不是简单的疏忽
作者：学而 - 2000/10/06 19:23:01
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学而君用的是 Google 吗？相比 AltaVista，Google 出量多，速度也快得多。不过因为它新一些，所以我目前用的不多。
作者：laoliu - 2000/10/06 19:46:52
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Go Express built-in edition. Hard to find these days.
作者：学而 - 2000/10/06 20:01:27
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