厕所里的灵感
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方壶斋 于 1999/12/08 21:14:40 发表在 汉英
上午如厕， 却还想着关于拆字译法的讨论， 进而想到有两种译者， 一种是转换型， 一种是对应形， 前者善于“易”， 后者善于对。 前者对两种语言的涉猎可能不广， 但善于在语言体系间自如转换。后者转换之力不足， 却博闻强记， 能在两种语言的语料库里很快找出对应表达方式。 这尤其体现于成语等的翻译上。 大部份译者是兼有这两种形态的。我尚未去研究其他类型。
相信这个话题尚少有研究， 如有时间， 自当搜集材料写点东西。 不过同好读此若有所悟而速成一篇也好， 只是给老方一个脚注即可。
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改造还是对应，要看具体情况。
作者：古月 - 1999/12/08 23:45:30
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喜欢改造甚至再造者，不一定是出于“对两种语言的涉猎不广”，而有的改造恰恰是“在两种语言的语料库里很快找出对应表达方式”后进行的再加工，有时更能体现创造性。我看野草比较精于此道。有的译法确实很有创造性。
而现成的对应有时反而比较省事，搜出一句意思差不多的说法对上就是，用不着多少精加工。其优势在于没人质疑，那确实是英文；缺点是可能意思模糊，甚至容易引起误解，而且难免陈词滥调。如果改造得地道，会给人以耳目一新的感觉。
具体使用，各有千秋。如果自己用英文写作，没有文化方面的牵扯，当然可以直接用英文中的对应表达法，便于让老外忘记你是中国人。如果是翻译中国文化背景很浓的作品，或者自己希望用些中国智慧去标新立异，那还是用直译意译相结合的“表意直译”或“改造”、“再造”比较好。要看具体情况，一般不宜通过译法去判定译者的英文程度。
有关改造、再造和模糊对应等译法方面的探讨，此前曾写过一篇，第三部分涉及这方面内容。下面做了个链结，请指正！
古月
链接：直译、意译与其它
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凑合对联
作者：圆盒居 - 1999/12/09 14:18:09
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“边陲古月照胡地，洞庭丘山铺岳湘”。不过我个人似更偏爱“水前何草”一联些。谢指正。
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太棒了！对我来讲，无论是意境还是词法都对上了。不知方君意下如何。
作者：古月 - 1999/12/09 15:03:37
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我想这个不错
作者：方 - 1999/12/09 19:31:07
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Some of my ten-year-ago points on compensations in translation.
作者：px - 1999/12/10 07:43:10
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一不留神,输入许多输出无.只能等以后第二次输入了.对不起!
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Sorry for that! Take it easy! Looking forward to your posting. Thanks!
作者：古月 - 1999/12/10 13:38:08
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A few points on compensations in translation.
作者：px - 1999/12/10 23:25:48
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坛中藏龙卧虎,网空竹杰虫灵.眼见前辈们深厚的全方位的功底,不由人不生出少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲的感叹.翻出十年前涂就的小儿科
豆腐干,拿出其中的一部分照录于此.意在揭示谬误,得到诸多龙 虎
竹 虫 的批改 指正.
为节省时间及空间,原文的例子 解释 引文及其出处(极个别涉及
习语翻译者除外)均予略去.见谅.
It is believed that some undertranslations can be avoided through translators' subjective efforts since undertranslation is often caused by misunderstanding the principle of literal translation, the concept of paraphrase and/or by inadequate understanding of the seven types of meaning. Some, on the other hand, cannot be solved without some special help. The reasons are as follows:
1. The natural environment, institutions and culture of one language are sometimes different from another since the transference to, or rather the substitution or replacement by the translator's language can only be approximate. As a result, loss of meaning may occur.
...
2. Two languages both in their character(langue) and their social varieties (parole) in context have different lexical grammatical and sound systems, and segment many physical objects virtually and all intellectual concepts differently, so it is sometimes impossible for a translator to find an absolute equivalent element in one language to another, and therefore, loss of meaning may occur. ...Under these circumstances, compensations are needed to make up for the loss of meaning in translaation.
The Soviet linguist Barlhudarov pointed out that compensations are adopted when, for some reason, there does not exist, in the target language, an equivalent to a certain element in the source language, nor is there any suitable means of expression.
The following three methods are usually adopted to compensate for the unavoidable undertranslations.
1) Explanatory method
The explanatory method is similar to paraphrase; by this method the explanatory words become part of the receptor language.
...
2) footnoting
Footnotes in translation can, on occasion, help the translator to make up for the semantic loss of the original meaning; but, on the other hand, too many footnotes will distract the attention of the readers from the text itself. therefore, footnote should be resorted to only when necessary.
Puns are usually difficult to translate for it is a hard job to completely transfer their double meanings. but sometimes they can be translated with the help of footnotes.
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There are situations, however, in which ultimately strange objects must be retained because of their symbolic values. For example: 为某人吹喇叭 抬轿子 may be translated into blow a trumpet and carry a sedan chair in which somebody is sitting, in which the social meaning of the source text is lost. English readers may not understand its meaning, so a footnote is needed by way of compensation: it means to pay obsequious attention to or do all one can to put someone in the public eyes. Similarly, if we render the word 小儿科 in the sentence 有些人对儿童文学看不起,称为小儿科
into paediatrics , it will not be understood by English readers for the word paediatrics does not have the reflected meaning of 微不足道的东西 or 无关紧要的东西. A footnote is also needed: the Chinese equivalent of paediatrics is sometimes used, more or less facetiously, to refer to something insignificant or contemptible. This meaning apparently derives from the word 小.
Sometimes both the explanatory method and footnoting are acceptable in the translation of a certain paragraph. In this case, which method should be chosen? That just depends on the translator.
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3) Rewriting
When the culture of one country is quite different from that of another, the method of rewriting is sometimes used in order that the original meaning can be understood by the receptor language readers. ...Human personality has envolved a variety of ways to live, ways that we call cultures. If we ignore these cultural differences we will misjudge our cultural neighbors-as we conatantly do at present-for a form of behavior that to them has one meaning may have another one to us.
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Eugene A. Nida is right when he says The communication of meaning across cultures always requires certain adjustments in the form of the message if the content is to be accurately and faithfully transmitted, for strictly word-for-word renderings inevitably tend to distort the meaning of the source language massage. Difficulties arising out of differences of cultures constitute the most serious problems for translators and produced the most far-reaching misunderstanding among readers.
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Very helpful! Thanks!
作者：古月 - 1999/12/10 23:39:46
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