九、不定词语作主语
9.1 表不定数量的词汇,特别是限定词和代词no, none, all, some, any以及像half这样的分数词。这些词既有具数的用法,又有不具数的用法。
和不具数名词(不论这个名词是否出现)连用时,动词自然用单数:
1)So far no money has been spent on repairs.
2)None(of the money) has been spent on repairs
3)Some cement has arrived.
4)Some(of the cement) has arrived.
和复数具数名词(不论这个名词是否出现)连用时,动词用复数:
5)Some books
have been placed on the shelves.
6)Some/Hardly any/All/Half(of the books) have been placed on the shelves.
None和复数具数名词连用时,有两种不同的用法:
7)None(of the books)has/have been placed on the shelves.
规范语法一直倾向于主张用单数动词,但是概念一致却要求用复数动词。用复数动词往往更为常见,并且即使在正式用法中也是能普遍为人接受的。与either和neither连用时,通常用单数:
8)The two guests have arrived, and either/but neither is welcome.
但是,当either或(特别是)neither后面有一个补语是复数的介词短语时,在非正式用法中,既因概念一致,又因邻近原则,有时也会出现复数动词:
9)Either/Neither of them are welcome.("Both are (not) welcome")(非正式用法)
在用none的这类结构中,复数动词更为常用:
10)None of them have been placed on the shelves.
9.2 即使句子主语中有不定词,如each, every, everybody, anybody和nobody(或不定短语,如every one, any one),邻近原则也可以导致用复数的一致关系。这些词本来毫无疑问是单数:
11)Nobody, not even the teachers, was/?were listening.
12)Every member of the vast crowd of 50,000 people was/were pleased to see him.
虽然在随便讲话时可能说出上面这样的句子,或者在不经心时可能写出这样的句子,但是大部分人会认为它们是不合乎语法的,因为这些句子完全违反了语法一致的原则。
[注]:如果关系分句跟在一个由one of加复数名词短语构成的名词短语后面,那末在关系分句中动词的数应该和one相一致还是和复数名词短语相一致这一问题,常常可以选择:
13)He's one of those students who never get(s) a piece of work done on time.
选择单数动词还是复数动词,可以看作我们考虑的是事物的一般性还是独特性。试比较:
14)Charlatanry is one of the many words in English that are of French origin.(=Of the many words in English that are of French origin, charlatanry is one.)
15)Charlatanry is one of the common vices that is particularly contemptible.(=Of the common vices, charlatanry is one that is particularly contemptible.)
小结:我们建议用下列几条结论来概括英语中主语和动词一致的规律:
a)在正式用法中往往尊循语法一致的原则,这一原则是为教学和编辑传统所肯定的。
b)对口语来说,概念一致的原则最为自然。
c)尽管在其他两种原则都不能起指导作用的情况下,邻近原则可起到一种次要的决定作用,但人们一般觉得这种原则本身缺乏充分的根据,它更多的是在口语中起到支持概念一致的辅助作用。
语法一致和概念一致这两种原则通常是协调统一的,冲突只是偶尔的。
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Meunique