Sinaian 于 2000/02/25 11:09:12 发表在 汉英
I'm from a place we call it "Central Kingdom" or "Zhong-Guo", which English people
called it "China". I've been living in the United States of America for ten years. I had a
few interesting encounters and realized that "Chinese" is actually a racial slur
derogatory to our people. I would like to share my thoughts with you.
Last year, I was riding a downtown trolley in Nashville, Tennessee. I started a
conversation with the trolley driver. He has a son adopted from Korea. And he was very
disturbed that kids at his son's school kept picking on his son and called him "Chinese".
His boy came home everyday crying and felt miserable. The driver told his son to tell
other kids in the school that he is not a "Chineeee-se", instead, he is a "Korean", or a
"Korean American".
I wondered at the time why the kids at the school didn't call the boy "Korean" to insult
him.
In winter 1991, I was in downtown Cincinnati, visiting my girlfriend. There was a group
of young people hanging out around the street corner. They saw me walking by. To my
surprise, they started having fun and pointed at me yelling at me "Chinese, Chinese". I
wondered why.
The other day, I was getting off work and walking to the parking garage, a homeless
man stopped me begging for money. I thought a while and said "no, sorry". To my
surprise, this worthless bum got upset, and yelled at me "your Chinese".
I have suspected all along, then, I suddenly realized that "Chinese" actually is a racial
slur. In English, English people used to call African people "Nigger" and yellow people
"Chinese". In the first instance, the school kids know perfectly well the trolley driver's
kid is a Korean, but to call the kid "Korean" would do no damage, calling him "Chinese"
will indeed be a humiliation and an insult. Because, in English, the great Britain people
use "-ese" to describe the races, in their views, of "Inferior", "insignificant", "weak",
"weird", "small", "disease-carrying" or "evolved from worms", which they despised and
loathed; Such as Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Portuguese. And they use "-ese" to
put us down. And they use -an, to describe people of "superior" races, for example,
American, Canadian, Britain, German, Californian, Texan. That was why that worthless
bum called me "your Chinese", not "Your Asian", or not "your American" or not "your
Korean" to insult me, even though He didn't know where I actually come from. He had
to use a slur that would hurts, destroy my spirits and put me down. The "Chinese" was
appropriate here. It was a proper racial slur at this situation to any "yellow" people and
will do the right damage and harm. What does "Chinese" literally mean? Well, "-ese"
means small, tiny, petty and insignificant. "China" means harden clay or dirt. Together,
"chinese" means a tiny, small, petty, and insignificant "weird" stuff made of harden clay
or dirt. What a shame!
I'm from a place in eastern Asia, where, British people visited, subdued, oppressed and
humiliated its people, and gave the place the name "China" and its "small",
"insignificant", "inferior", "worthless", "disease-carrying" and "wormy" people a name
"Chinese", even if they knew our name for the land is "Central Kingdom" and was
pronounced as "Zhong Guao".
I know that the God creates all human being equal and I feel good about myself, my
race and where I came from. I'm not ashamed of my heritage and my racial background.
I get really offended when people calling me "Chinese". It hurts me the same way when
black people are called "Nigger". I remembered when I first came to USA, I had an
American friend at University of Tennessee, whose name is John. His grandparent were
from Shanghai, China. John was born and raised here in the United States. He would
talk about his grandparent and China often. He is obviously not ashamed of his heritage
and racial background. However, every time people asked him if he is a Chinese, he
would get really upset and said "no". He hated the word "Chinese". I didn't know why at
that time, now I know better. Because it is a racial slur means to put us down. It is
equivalent to "Nigger" for African people.
The place I came from we call her "Zhong-Guo", or "Central Kingdom". I'm proud of
whom I am and where I come from. "China" has nothing to do with the "Central
Kingdom", neither in its meanings and nor in its pronunciation. Especially, People of
"Central Kingdom" does not deserved to be called "Chinese". It is pity that such "great"
"Britain" people had so little "decency" and so "tiny hearts" to name our land and our
people in such a way.
Few hundred years ago, when the "superior" "great" Britain people came to "Central
Kingdom", they saw our people, dressed differently, who in British's views were lesser
than dogs or worms, worthless, yellow and small, "disease-carrying", "evolved from
worms". The "superior" "Great" Britain people felt justified to make up the derogatory
slurs "China" and "Chinese" to describe our land and our people. I thought we people of
"Central Kingdom" would be more alert and would suspect earlier that these words could
be bad words ***d on their attitude towards us and the way they treated us. Do you
think those "Great" "Britain" people had the decency and intent to "assign" us, the
worms, a decent name?
It is a pity that the "GREAT" "Britain" people's story about these slurs shows no intent
of covering up their heinous injustice against us. They claimed that our nation was
named "China" was because one of our town(Jing De) produced china. And they
casually added "-ese" to "China" to come up with a name for the people of "China". We
wonder if this was the way the "Great" "Britain" people naming other nations and their
people, why didn't they call Italy "Pizza" and its people "Pizzese", since it is famous for
Pizza? why did't they call Gemany "Beer" and its people "Beerese", since it was famous
for "Beer Drinking"? why did't they call USA "Corn", its people "Cornese", since some of
its states produce corn? And why didn't they name England "Sodom", and English
people "Sodomese", since most of English people pratice sodomy?
Let's remember 70 years ago, the people of "Central Kingdom" choose the communists
not out of craziness, but to combat not only the internal oppressions, but also the
aggressions, oppressions and humiliations by foreigners, especially, by British and by
Japan. These foreigners came not as "Christ" or Saviors offering salvations, preaching
Gospel of Jesus Christ or brotherly love to our people, as their western decendants
would like to believe, but mainly as predators, oppressors and racists. They treated us
bad enough to force us to unite under the communists. Thanks to God, under the
communists' leadership, we were finally able to expel them from our land.
Every time I hear somebody say "I'm pround to be a Chinese", I cringed and feel small.
We, people from "Central Kingdom" should have known English and its people better. It
is nothing wrong to feel proud of our heritage, our race and our "Central Kingdom". But
you don't hear African people saying "I'm proud to be a Nigger". They say "I'm proud to
be an African". Remember many years ago, we called people of Japan "Wou -Kou(Short
little Pirate)". Do they have rights to get mad if we "teach" them their name in Mandarin
is "Wuo-Kou" and call them "Wou-Kou" to their face? Was it decent for us to do so? Is
it an insult if they still called themself "Wou - Kou"? Should we get mad if someone still
call us "Chinese" to our face to these day? The racial slur they created a few hundred
years ago for us, means to put us down? Should we still call ourselves "Chinese", even
if it is a derogatory name given to us by the "Great Britain", meaned to put us down?
It is time to reject words "China" "Chinese" imposed by British racists, and use our own
words to describe ourselves and get our dignity back. Persia. The country changed its
English name from Persia to Iran, and its people to Iranian 30 years ago. They are
proud to be called Iranian. They're not naive enough to call themselves "Iranese". A cab
driver(An US citizen for 30 years) in Chicago insisted me calling him "Iranian" not
"American". In opposite, many Amercians of "Central Kingdom" background would beg to
be called "Asian" or "American", not "Chinese". It is not because these people feel
shame about their race and their heritage. It is not because we want to be American
so bad. It is because, many people of "central kingdom" to some extent, subconsciously
realize the derogatory effects and attacks of this word; and try to avoid it.
Many people from "Central Kingdom" would beg to be called "Asian". This has became so
evident that In a recent movie "Big Lebowski", actor John Goodman made so much fun
of the people from "Central Kingdom". He ridiculed us, laughing at us for this "weird"
behavior. He wanted us to be satisfy with being called "C-ese". Mr. Goodman, the
reason we want to be called "Asian", is because we don't want to be called "Chinese".
Since English does not have a proper word for us, we asked you to call us "Asian". Is
that too much to ask? Like black people who don't want to be called "Nigger", we don't
want to be called "Chinese". Your fat ugly mean idiot, why did you have to stab our
hearts and destroy our spirits?
In English, we should say for Now, "I am from Central Kingdom of Sinai(from Greek) (or
C. K.)" and "I'm a Sinaian". or "I'm proud to be a Taiwanan", not "Taiwan-ese". Sinai is
the Greek word for our land. In English, Sinai is the mountain where our all mighty God
resides. The Bible reveals that God gives ten commandments to Moses in mount Sinai.
The words "China", "Chinese" "Taiwanese" should be eliminated from official dictionaries.
It is a racial slur and has done a great injustice to People of Asian race. Even school
kids, bums and beggars know the difference. It was a shame that English speaking
world tolerates and condones this kind of conspiracy and injustice against our people
even to these days.
Some questioned that since we're not the center of the world, we shouldn't call ourself
"Central Kingdom of Sinai". We disagree with this argument. It is not neccesary for a
name to tie directly to country's geographic attributes. For example, "United Kingdom of
British". How united is it now? No at all! The country does not even exist any more!!!!
Then, should we ask British to change its name to Sodom and its people to Sodomese
now, since it is closer to their characteristics? NO! We wouldn't do that. It is okay for
them to call themself "united kingdom of British" and It is okay to still call our land
"Central Kingdom of Sinain(or C. K.)" or "Zhong Guo", even though we know it is not the
center of the world.
I hope by eliminating the "C-ese" word, our kids would encounter less discrimination and
hurts in this land. They will be called something decent and respectful. And hope that
we don't have to tell our kids that they "are" "Korean" not "Chinese", even if they are
indeed lowly "Chinese". A friend of mine said if we, people of "Central Kingdom" shows
that we're better in Every way, then the meanings of the "Chinese" would change. I
doubt it. First of all, we can't be better than other races in every way. Secondly, we
don't need to be better in every way to be respected and have a proper name. Third,
even if we're better in every way, the derogatory meanings of "C-ese" will not change.
Can the super star Michal Jordan of the Chicago Bulls change the meanings of "Nigger"
because He was a "Nigger" and he is excellent in every way? Can success of Japan
change the meanings of "Wuo-KOU" or "Japanese"? No! they can't! These words have
to be eliminated from vocabulary. Period.
Black Americans fought hard and long for their rights to be called "officially" "African
Americans", no "Nigger". Many have lost their lives during the process. I hope that we,
people from "Central Kingdom", should not have to fight as hard and as long for our
rights. I know people called other people different names behind their back all the time.
They still use "N-word", "Chinaman" "pale people" in their own dirty, dark bedrooms. If
we don't hear it, it can't do as much harms to us. However, we should not allow people
to call "Chinese" to our faces, "officially and openly" and be accepted and let them put
us down openly, freely and daily. Even the school kids, bums and beggars know the
difference. Many people nowadays use the "C-word" out of indifference, convenience
and insensitivity. However, some of them, like the bum and beggers, will use these slurs
to do the damages to our hearts and our spirits. These slurs like venom. The persons
with the venom have to release it and throw onto somebody to do the harm. If we
allow them to throw the venom onto us, we get hurt. Otherwise, they would have to
give it up, else, they will have to hold on to it in their hearts poisoning themselves and
their families.
Let's do something about this.
One of the things we can do is to bring this to the attentions of our leaders back in
"Central Kingdom of Sinai" and convince them the need to reject "C-ese" and use our
own words to describe our own country and to exam the names in other languages for
us.
Please distribute this article to your family, friends, and all the people you know. Please
let us know if you want to join our efforts to change this.
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"Chinese"一个对中国人带有种族侮辱的称呼
作者:Sinaian - 2000/02/25 11:14:34
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"Chinese"一个对中国人带有种族侮辱的称呼
我来自一个叫做"中国"或"中央之国"的国度, 英国人将其称为"
China".我在美国已经生活了十年了,期间我碰到了一些非常怪异的事
情并且意识到了"Chinese"实际上是对我们中国人的一种蔑称.这里我
愿意同各位同胞分享我的观点和想法.
去年我在田纳西州的纳什维尔市中心乘坐电车时同司机聊了一会
天,他收养了一个韩国男孩.令他大伤脑筋的是他的儿子在学校里经常
被其他男孩捉弄, 并将其儿子称为"Chinese".他的儿子每天都哭着从
学校回来并且感到非常痛苦. 这个司机让他儿子告诉其同学他不是"
Chinese",而是"韩国人",或者"韩裔美国人".
我当时就在捉摸为什么那些学校里的小孩不管那个男孩叫做"
Korean"来侮辱他呢?
1991年的冬天,我去辛辛纳提市见我的女友,在大街的一个角落有
一群年轻人在那里,他们看见我走过来.令我吃惊的是他们竟然拿我开
心: 指这我喊道:"Chinese,Chinese.".我当时还是不太明白这是怎么
回事.
还有一天在我下班后走向停车场的途中, 一个无家可归的男子拦
住我乞讨, 我想了一会说:"对不起,没有.".再次令我惊奇的是这个流
浪汉居然生气了,并且对着我叫到:"Your Chinese."
我已经怀疑很久了,现在我突然明白了"Chinese"实际上是一个种
族蔑称.在英语中,英国人过去将非洲人叫做"黑鬼(Nigger)"而将黄种
人叫做"Chinese". 在前面我讲的第一件事情中,那些学校里的小孩完
全知道电车司机的儿子是一个韩国人, 但是将其叫做"Korean"没有任
何意义, 而将其叫做"Chinese"却是对那个男孩的侮辱和轻视.因为在
英语中, 英国人用后缀"-ese"来表示那些他们认为"低等的","不重要
的","弱小的","怪异的","带有疾病的","从虫子演变而来的"种族,他
们蔑视和厌恶这些种族.这些种族包括中国人,日本人,越南人,葡萄牙
人.(Chinese,Japanese,Vietnamese,Portuguese).他们用"-ese"来羞
辱我们, 同时他们用后缀"-an"来表示那些所谓"优等"的种族,例如美
国人,加拿大人,英国人,德国人,加州人,德州人.(American,Canadian,
Britain,German,Californian,Texan).这就是为什么那个一文不值的
流浪汉居然叫我"Your Chinese", 而不是"Your Asian", "your
American"或"your Korean"来侮辱我, 尽管他根本不知道我是从哪里
来的.他需要使用一个羞辱我,伤害我的蔑语,这里"Chinese"就正好可
以用于伤害任何黄种人. 那么”Chinese”的字面意思是什么呢? “-
ese”表示小的, 微小的,和不重要的,“China”的意思是坚硬的粘土
或泥土,那么放在一起”Chinese”就是用坚硬的粘土或泥土制成的微
小的、微不足道的、“怪异”的东西。这真是一个莫大的侮辱!!
我来自东亚,在那里英国人曾经去过,征服、压迫和羞辱过那里
的人民, 并且把那个地方叫做“China” , 把那里的“弱小的”、
“劣等”、“分文不值”、“带有疾病的”、“虫子一样的”的人叫
做“Chinese”,尽管他们知道我们的土地的名字叫做“中央之国”、
“中国”。
我知道上天所创造的每一个人天生是平等的,我也热爱我自己、
我得种族和我的故土,我丝毫没有因为我的种族和文化背景而感到耻
辱。 当别人叫我“Chinese”时我感到受到了极大的伤害,就象是一
个黑人被叫做了“Nigger”。我记得我第一次来到美国时,我在田纳
西大学有一个名叫约翰的朋友,他的祖父来自中国的上海。很显然他
对他的身世和种族背景一点也不感到羞耻,但是每当别人问他是不是
一个“Chinese” 时, 他会感到非常生气并且说“不是” 。他憎恨
“Chinese” 这个词。我当时还不明白这是为什么,现在我知道了。
因为它是一个用来侮辱我们的种族的蔑称,就相当于用于侮辱非洲人
的“Nigger”。
我来自一片我们称之为“中国”的土地,我为我自己和我的故土
而自豪。 “China”这个单词无论在含义或发音上都无法体现出“中
央之国” 的本意, 并且 “中央之国” 的人民绝对不应该叫做
“Chinese” 。那些所谓的“大不列颠”人居然如此的不知廉耻和心
胸狭窄,以这种带有侮辱性的词语来命名我们的国土和人民,这真一
个莫大的悲哀。
几百年以前,当那些所谓的“优等”的“大不列颠”人来到我们
的“中央之国”时,看到了我们的人民,在那些英国人看来,这些与
他们穿着迥异的中国人简直不如狗和虫子,他们身无分文、面黄体弱、
“带有疾病”、“是从虫子演变而来”。于是这些“优等”的“大不
列颠” 人觉得应该用带有贬低性的、 侮辱性的词 “China” 和
“Chinese” 来形容我们的人民和国土。我想仅从那些英国人对待我
们的态度和方式,我们中国人就应该更加警觉和更早地怀疑“China”
和“Chinese” 是带有恶义的词语。难道你会认为那些“大不列颠”
人会那么文明地给我们这些“虫子”起一个体面的名字?
可悲的是,那些“大不列颠”人在为这个蔑称编造的故事中竟然
没有丝毫掩盖他们对我们的恶意和偏见。他们宣称我们的国家被称为
“China”是因为我们的景德镇出产陶瓷。并且他们随便地在“China”
后面加上“-ese” 来称呼“China”的人民。那我们不禁要问:如果
这是“不列颠”人为其他的国家和人民命名的方式,那么为什么不将
意大利叫做 “比萨饼” (Pizza) 、 意大利人叫做“比萨饼人”
(Pizzese) ,因为意大利是因为比萨饼而闻名?为什么不将德国叫
做“啤酒” (Beer)、德国人叫做“啤酒人”(Beerese),因为德
国人以喝啤酒而闻名?为什么不将美国称为“玉米”(Corn)、美国
人叫做“玉米人” (Cornese),因为它因出产玉米而闻名?为什么
不将英国人叫做“罪恶之地”、英国人叫做“鸡奸者”?因为大多数
英国人都进行鸡奸?
让我们回到七十年以前,当时的中国人选择共产主义并不是出于
疯狂,而是为了同不仅仅是来自国内的压迫进行斗争,更是为了同英
国人和日本人这些外来侵略者的压迫和羞辱进行抗争。这些侵略者来
到中国并不是象他们的子孙所宁愿相信的那样是来提供援助的基督或
救世主、传播兄弟情谊的传道士,而是作为掠夺者来到中国的。感谢
上苍,在共产主义者的领导下我们将这些强盗赶出了我们的家园。
每次当我听到有人说“我很自豪我是一个‘Chinese’ ”时,我
感到无地自容。我们,这些来自“中央之国”的人,应该对英语和那
里的人有更深的了解。为自己的传统、民族和“中央之国”而感到自
豪是没有任何错误的,但是你决不会听到某个非洲人说“我很自豪我
是一个‘Nigger’”,他们只是说“我很自豪我是一个‘African’”
。在很久以前,我们把小日本叫做倭寇,如果我们告诉小日本他们的
汉语名称是倭寇并且这样当面称呼他们,他们难道没有理由生气吗?
我们现在还这么叫日本人合适吗?如果他们自己还叫自己是倭寇这不
是侮辱吗? 如果现在我们还是被当面叫做“Chinese”,难道我们没
有理由生气吗?这个由“大不列颠”人在几百年前杜撰的用于侮辱贬
低我们的蔑称,难道我们到今天还要用它来称呼自己吗?
该是扔掉这些英国佬强加给我们的蔑称的时候了,我们要用自己
的称呼并且找回我们的尊严。30年前伊朗就成功地将其英文名从波斯
(Persia) 该为伊朗(Iran),并将伊朗人叫做“Iranian”,他们
以被称为“Iranian”而自豪,他们不会幼稚到称自己为“Iranese”。
在芝加哥一名出租车司机(在美国已入籍30多年了)再三坚持让我称
他为“Iranina” 而不是“American”。相反的,许多有中国背景的
美国人乞求被叫做“Asian”或“American”,而不是“Chinese”,
这绝不是因为他们为自己的种族和背景而感到羞耻,也不是因为他们
渴望被称为美国人, 而是许多中国人在不同的程度上都意识到
“Chinese”这个字带有贬义和侮辱性,极力回避这个单字。
许多来自中国的人乞求被称为“Asian” ,这一点在最近的一部
叫做“Big Lebowski”的电影中表现得非常清楚,影片中男主角John
Goodman大肆捉弄中国人,他嘲弄我们,嘲笑我们的“怪异”的行为,
他想我们满足于被称为“C-ese”。那么Goodman先生,请你记住:我
们希望被称为“Asian”是因为我们不想被叫做“Chinese”。因为英
语中没有我们一个合适的称呼,所以我们请求你叫我们为“Asian”,
这难道过分吗?就象是黑人不愿意被称为“Nigger”,我们当然不愿
意被称为“Chinese” 。你这个卑鄙的、丑陋的肥佬、白痴,为什么
你一定要刺痛我们的心呢?
从现在开始, 我们在英语中应该这么说: “我来自Central
Kingdom of Sinai(希腊语中表示中国) 或C. K. ” ,“我是一个
Sinaian” , 或者“我很自豪是一个Taiwanan”,而不是“Taiwan-
ese”。Sinai 在希腊语中表示中国,在英语中,Sinai是各路神仙居
住的地方。在圣经中,上帝就是在Sinai山给摩西十条戒律。“China”
,“Chinese”,“Taiwanese”应该从官方字典中去掉。它是一个种
族的蔑语并且对亚洲人民带来了太多的侮辱和偏见。连那些学校里的
孩子、流浪汉和乞丐这些词的含义。在讲英语的世界里,一直到今天
还在纵容这种对我们同胞的侮辱和不公平的待遇,这真是一种耻辱。
有些人也许会质问:既然我们实际上并不是处于世界的中央,为
什么我们称自己为中国呢?我不同意这样的观点,完全没有必要将一
个国家的具体地理位置同它的名字直接联系起来。比如说,“不列颠
联合王国”,难道真是一个“联合”的王国吗?根本没有!!并且这
个国家也早已不复存在! ! !那么我们应该让英国人将其国名改为
“罪恶之国” (Sodom)并将英国人叫做“鸡奸者”(Sodomese),
因为这才最接近他们的本质?不,我们不会那么做,英国人可以继续
将他们的国家称为“不列颠联合王国”,当然我们也可以将我们的国
家称为“中国人的中央王国”(Central Kingdom of Sinaian,C.K.)
,尽管我们并不是处于世界的中央。
我希望通过铲除“C-ese” 这个单字,我们的孩子在这块土地上
受到的歧视和伤害会少一些,他们将被称为一个体面的、尊敬的名字,
希望我们再也不用告诉孩子他们是“Korean” 而不是“Chinese”,
尽管他们确实是中国人。我的一位朋友曾经这么说,如果我们中国人
能够显示我们在每个方面都比别人优秀, 那么“Chinese”的含义就
会改变。我对此持怀疑态度。首先,我们不可能在每个方面都比其它
种族优秀;第二,我们没有必要在每个方面都比别人优秀来赢得尊敬
和一个体面的名字。第三,即使我们在每个方面都比别人优秀,“C-
ese” 的贬义也不会改变。飞人乔丹是一个“Nigger”并且在每一方
面都非常优秀,难道他能改变“Nigger”的含义吗?日本经济上的成
功能够改变倭寇或“Japanese”的含义吗?不能!!他们做不到!!
这些词必须彻底地从词汇中根除,这是无可争议的!!!
美国的黑人进行了艰苦的斗争去争取被正式地称为“非裔美国人”
的权利,而不是被叫做“Nigger”,在这个过程中许多人因此而献出
了生命。我希望我们中国人在争取我们的权利时不要象黑人那样艰苦
和漫长。我知道有的人在背后对别人叫不同的名字,他们仍然在自己
黑暗肮脏的卧室里用“N-word” ,“Chinaman”,“pale people”
这样的字眼。如果我们听不到这些,这就不会对我们造成伤害。但是,
我们绝不应该让别人“正式地、公开地”、当面地叫我们“Chinese”
,并且默默地接受别人对我们每天进行公开的、肆无忌惮的贬低。连
那些学校里的孩子、流浪汉和乞丐这些词的含义。现在很多人出于漠
然或用词方便而使用“C-word”,但是象流浪汉和乞丐这些人却在利
用这些蔑称来伤害我们的心灵。这些蔑称就象毒液一样,那些体内充
满毒液的人总要用它来伤害别人。如果我们让他们把毒液撒在我们身
上,我们会受到伤害。否则他们必须抛弃这些毒液,或者留在他们自
己的心里去毒害他们自己和他们的家人。
现在让我们拿出一点实际行动来:
有一件事情我们是可以做的:让我们中国的领导人注意到这个事
情, 让他们相信确实需要拒绝“C-ese”并且用我们自己的词汇来描
述我们的国家,还有去关心在其它语言中我们的名字。
请把这篇文章分发给你的家人,朋友,以及所有你认识的人。如
果你愿意加入我们的行动,请与我们联系。
请将您的意见和建议发送到:
United Sinaians
21 Kristin Drive #117
Schaumburg, IL 60195
USA
E-mail: Sinaian@aol.com
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“支那”源流考
作者:倪建周冬明 - 2000/02/25 11:17:26
***
词语作为表达思想的载体,常常被打上时代的烙印、留有
历史变迁的痕迹,“支那”一词的称呼也是一样。据考证,“
支那”原是“Cina”[din]的音译,是古代印度对古代中
国的称呼,最早出现在梵文佛经中。梵文Cina进入不同的语言
中,其读音变化不大,译音是“China”、“支那”、“脂那”、
“至那”或“震旦”。根据对Cina的来源的不同看法,其原始
含意也不相同。比较有代表性的说法有四种:1.认为Cina在梵
文中表示中国“丝”。古代印度人、波斯人、古希腊人,都用
中国丝(梵文Cina)指称中国;2.认为Cina是秦国的“秦”的
梵文译音,Cina的梵文含义是“秦国”,是古代印度人对秦汉
时期的中国的称呼;3.认为Cina在梵文中有“偏僻遥远”的意
思;4.认为Cina指羌族。
梵文Cina在印度出现后,向西方传播,经由中亚到欧洲,
进入英语,逐步演变为今天英语中的“China”。罗马传教士卫
匡国在1655年最早提出China是秦国的“秦”的译音。在China
一词出现前,欧洲对中国的称呼基本上都来自Cina[din]
的读音,只是根据不同的语言稍有差异。梵文Cina向东方传播,
进入中国和日本,译音为“支那”、“脂那”、“震旦”等。
梵文Cina进入古代中国后,古代一般把梵文Cina音译为“震旦
”,但Cina(震旦)是外国人(最初是印度人)对古代中国的
称呼,中国人一般不这样使用。
作为一衣带水的近邻,日本与中国自古有密切交往,日本
人使用汉字有近两千年的历史。受以唐文化为代表的中国文化
影响极深,日本在中世之前随着中国王朝的更迭,对中国的称
呼主要有“唐国”、“大宋”、“大明”、“清国”等。
Cina进入日本后,大多数音译为“支那”。日本辞书《广
辞苑》解,“支那”,“外国人对中国的称呼(源于‘秦’的
转讹),初出现于印度佛典”。在日本,“从江户时代(公元
1603—1867年)中期以后曾使用过。”到19世纪中期之前,日
本人用“支那”指称中国与“唐国”、“清国”等无意义上的
差别,没有特别的政治含意。中日甲午战争前,日本在1888年
印刷的日军必读的《宇内混同秘策》一书中用“支那”指称中
国,并以轻蔑的态度对待中国人,但“支那”一词尚未直接与
对中国的歧视联系在一起。
日本社会开始用“支那”蔑称中国始于中日甲午战争中清
政府失败,1895年清政府被迫与日本政府签订了丧权辱国的马
关条约,把近代中国的耻辱推向极点。长久以来一直把中国尊
为“上国”的日本人先是震惊,继而因胜利而陶醉,上街游行,
狂呼“日本胜利!‘支那’败北!”从此,“支那”一词在日
本开始带上了战胜者对于失败者的轻蔑的情感和心理,“支那
”逐渐由中性词演变为贬义词。甚至19世纪到第一次世界大战
前的荷兰字典中,对“支那”的解释是:“支那,即愚蠢的中
国人,精神有问题的中国人等。”西方其他字典对“支那”的
解释也大同小异。
日本等外国用“支那”蔑称中国,在海外的华侨中引起强
烈反感。有些留学生和华侨投书日本报纸,要求日本人不要再
用“支那”一词,改用“中国”,并引起了一场关于中国国号
称谓的争论。1908年,印尼华侨曾向统治印尼的荷兰殖民当局
提出抗议,反对“支那”的侮辱性称呼。在中日签订二十一条、
巴黎和会和五四运动后,中国国内爆发了更为强烈的抗议“支
那”蔑称的运动。辛亥革命以后,中国政府曾向日本政府交涉,
要求不要把中国称为“支那”,但遭到日本的拒绝。到1930年,
当时的中华民国中央政治会议通过了一项决议,并由当时的中
国国民政府外交部照会日本政府。决议说,“中国政府中央政
治会议鉴于日本政府及其人民以‘支那’一词称呼中国,而日
本政府致中国政府的正式公文,亦称中国为‘大支那共和国’,
认为‘支那’一词意义极不明显,与现在之中国毫无关系,故
敦促外交部须从速要求日本政府,今后称呼‘中国’,英文须
写NationalRepubicofChina,中文须写大中华民国。倘若日方
公文使用“支那”之类的文字,中国外交部可断然拒绝接受。
”从1930年底起,日本政府的公文都改“支那共和国”为“中
华民国”,但社会上一般书面语和口语,仍把中国蔑称为“支
那”,侵华日军被称为“支那派遣军”,中国人被叫成“支那
人”。直到二战结束后,中国以战胜国身份派代表团到东京,
1946年6月,以“命令”的方式通知日本的外务省,从此以后不
许再用“支那”这个名称。同年6月6日,日本外务次官向各报
社、出版社,日本文部次官7月3日向各大专院校校长,先后发
出避免使用“支那”名称的正式文件,文件写道:“查支那之
称呼素为中华民国所极度厌恶者。鉴于战后该国代表曾多次正
式及非正式要求停用该词,故今后不必细问根由,一律不得使
用该国所憎恶之名称。”
二战后,特别是新中国成立后,“支那”逐渐变成死词,
不再使用。但日本社会上,至今仍有极少数右翼分子仍故意称
中国为“支那”;极个别人把面条叫成“支那面”。日本出版
的一些地图上把中国东海叫成“东支那海”(只不过把“支那
”二字改用平假名拼写),广大侨胞对此极为反感。有位在东
京开饭馆的侨胞为要求取消“支那”称呼,数十年如一日不懈
抗争,他在餐馆的火柴盒和筷套上悲愤写下敬白:“……如果
有人把中国叫‘支那’,将使我们回忆起日本侵略中国,侮辱
中国人的那段历史……”有人愤怒地质问说:把中国叫成“支
那”,如同过去西方人把日本叫成“JAP”,东方人把日本称呼
“倭”,为什么不尊重中国人民的感情?
日本还有人以孙中山过去曾用过“支那”称呼为自己辩解。
孙中山在1899年、1903年等少数场合的确使用过“支那”一词,
原因之一是当时正处于“支那”向贬义词演变的初期。但从19
05年后,“支那”的贬义逐渐浓厚,从此,孙中山就不再用“
支那”一词,而是用“中国”。另一个原因是,孙中山作为革
命者,他认为“支那”等同于清王朝,而“中国”则是他进行
革命所要建立的中华民国,在中华民国建立前称“支那”指清
王朝,辛亥革命后改称“中国”。
“中国”一词最早出现在《诗经》中,指京师、京都;后
来指汉族、华夏族居住地,当时中原汉族以外称为“四夷”,
“东方一隅为中国,余皆夷狄”。汉族、华夏族居中,称“中
国”,即中央之国,是地理概念。大约到19世纪中叶,“中国
”一词才作为国家概念出现,辛亥革命才正式把中国作为国号
固定下来,1911年10月11日,革命军在咨议局议定13条重要方
针,其中第二条即为:“称中国为中华民国。”1949年中华人
民共和国成立,毛泽东主席在天安门城楼庄严宣告:“中国人
民从此站起来了!”从此,中华人民共和国成为新中国的正式
称谓。
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Dear Sinaian:
作者:laoliu - 2000/02/25 12:29:56
***
I want to say that I have the highest esteem for you, but I don't quite see the point of your argument. (Now, if this thing were as easy as raising your hand and taking a count, I would vote yes to change. But time and energy should be used for other, more urgent matters.)
As a people, we fight our battles and wars, we build our country, we have our own set of values and we live our righteous lives, we become stronger and stronger, we earn respect. True, much is to be desired of our people in the motherland and in other countries of the Diaspora. We need to do better. We ARE doing better.
But a change of names will achieve little, if not nothing. If kids in schools are going to make fun of a foreign-looking shoolmate, and kids are always going to do that, they will think of something.
Most foreign people don't mean ill when they use the term "Chinese," and for those who do mean harm and hurt, the hell with them! Next time a bum sneers at you and says "You're Chinese!," you say "Yeah, right!," "What about?," "So?," or "Screw you!," or just walk away and live your life happily there after. It depends on your physical size.
So we gather, we bond, we build, we fight as we have always fought, and, looking to the future, Sinaian my Dear Comrade, we shall vanquish.
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"Central Kingdom of Sinai"? Come on!
作者:Chinese - 2000/02/25 11:22:04
***
Dear Sinaian:
By changing the name of China into such a ridiculous title, the whole Chinese nation will
only be subject to even greater humiliation! Nobody would share such an insult with
you! BTW, Zhong Guo, even in the old days, has never been a "kingdom" ever since Qin
the First Emperor united the whole country. Suppose you should understand the
difference between "Kingdom" and "Empire"? If you call your country a kingdom, did you
mean that your emperor is in Tokyo?
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Yes, u'r right!
作者:Agree! - 2000/02/25 11:24:23
***
Yes, u'r right! Just by changing a name, a monkey can't become a man! Some
Americans discriminate against Chinese out of their cultural ignorance, rather than
because of the name. If you change your name just because of a handful of people's
preference, you'll be subject to even greater ridicule. This so-called "GIRL" is either
suffering from inferiority complex or cherishing an ulterior motive to slur real Chinese.
Despite any efforts to change this title "Chinese", people are expected to continue to
call us as such. Do you expect every Chinese to experience an insult every time he or
she is addressed as Chinese? If this is the intention of the author, then he is too much
of a crook!
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Comments from my black friend
作者:C.L.S. - 2000/02/25 11:28:03
***
Dear Sinaian,
I believe you have a basic misunderstanding of the American culture. Americans are a
what I call "culturally deficient" people, which means that they know very little about
any cultures other than their own, and are not very interested in learning. In fact, they
go so far as to ridicule anyone who they see as being different from them.
Because the people of America come from so many different places, the culture is not
very strong. I believe some of their reaction to other cultures is out of jealousy.
The fact that a Korean could be referred to as "Chinese" points to the ignorance of the
American, and not because the word "Chinese" is degrading. The average American is
not able to distinguish between the Chinese, Korean, Japanese or Vietnamese, because
they have never taken the time to acquaint themselves with the various cultures.
I have similar experiences where I'm referred to as Jamaican. I am from Antigua, which
like Jamaica, is one of many Caribbean islands. Because Jamaica is the largest of the
islands, more Jamaicans migrate to the U.S. than probably all the other islands put
together. Therefore, the "culturally deficient" American assumes that anyone who looks
like or sounds like a Jamaican must be Jamaican. It is the very same reason why
anyone of Asian background are called "Chinese". Americans assume incorrectly that all
Asians are Chinese, because there are probably many more Chinese in the U.S. than
any of the other Asian countries.
You will note the comment "And they use -an, to describe people of "superior" races,
for example, American, Canadian, Britain, German, Californian, Texan" is missing many
African countries. Now you and I both know that Americans in no way consider Africans
as a people of superior race (even though I know better). The people of Ghana in West
Africa are called Ghanaians, people from Nigeria are called Nigerians, people from
Ethiopia are called Ethiopians - I could go on and on. I think it's ludicrous to compare
the word "Chinese" with the word "nigger". Nigger is used as an expression of hate, and
has absolutely no country of origin. As long as you are a person of color, you will be
referred to as a "nigger".
When Chinese are subjected to the type of slavery the Africans were, then I will
believe that "Chinese" is a degrading word. Until then, I would put it down as good old
American ignorance.
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Comments to the points
作者:sz - 2000/02/25 13:27:47
***
We, should not be "culturally deficient" people.
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秦人 ? 瓷人 ?
作者:金冈@爱河.花城 - 2000/02/25 11:33:59
***
欧洲一些国家称中国为“China”、“Chine”是源于
“秦”(Chin)。英文“瓷器”(china)一词则是由
“China”一词派生来的,而不是“China”是从“c
hina”派生的。说Chinese是“瓷人”完全是无中生
有,挑拨离间。随便问问你身边的美国人或英国人就会得出答案。
Chinese硬译是“秦人”。就像早先的华人自称“唐人”,
绝不会有人说这其实是蔑称“糖人”。欧洲从罗马帝国时就知道
中国,那时中国是“大秦”。俄国知道中国比较晚,那时已经是
北宋。但和他们更临近的是辽。所以他们称中国“契丹”。把自
己称作“瓷人”的中国人是自取其辱,把中国人称作“瓷人”的
外国人是别有用心。问问任何一个说英语的人就知道,“瓷人”
在英语里叫“china dolls”。真正骂人的话是“C
hina-man”。听见别人这么称你再抗议不迟。至于称我
们“秦人”,虽然使巫婆、任丁他们显得更“正宗”,但没什么
不好。秦帝国毕竟是中国历史上第一个统一的中央皇朝,当时世
界上最强盛国家。如果欧洲也是和俄国人一样到了北宋才知道有
个中国,管咱们叫“宋人”,那才真叫人气得肝儿疼。
至于字尾,加州人、德州人这些“外来户”倒是“an”结尾了,
也不知为什么当年参与美利坚立国的“Marylander”、
“New Yorker”、“New Englander”
就楞把好名都留给他们了。就连当年最被歧视非洲人,也得了“
African”的好名字,实在是颠倒了耶!
--
金冈@爱河.花城
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补充几句
作者:金冈@爱河.花城 - 2000/02/25 11:37:20
***
字尾后缀表示语言和人民的,并无一定之规。只可以说习惯用
法。
最常见的辅音结尾的地名加“er”来泛指人民,如New
Yorker、Marylander。元音a结尾的(其它
元音结尾改成或加上a)加n如Asian、America
n、African、Italian、Canadian、
Mexican、Russian、Korean、Indi
an、Iowan、Californian。这并不说明英
语对印度人、高丽(朝鲜、韩国)人、甚至整个亚洲人情有独
钟,却偏偏不喜欢同是亚洲人的中国人和日本人。但辅音n结
尾的地名后面则常加ese,如Japanese、Wash
ingtonese(美国华盛顿州人)。当然也有例外,如
Texas人叫Texan,而非Texaser,中国人叫
Chinese,而非Chinan,都是去掉最后一个字母
再按习惯加后缀。这也是China其实源出Chin的旁证。
至于欧洲,由于同属一个大陆,历史渊源很深,所以多用当地
人自己的用法。如英国附近的多为sh结尾(不列颠人、英格
兰人、爱尔兰人、西班牙人、法兰西人)但日耳曼人、瑞士人
等则不仅不加后缀,反而减少字母:German、Swis
s。德国人自称“德意志”,英语楞叫他们“日耳曼”,就像
朝鲜、韩国人自称“朝鲜、韩国”,英语楞叫他们“高丽”,
中国人自称“中华”,英语楞叫咱们“秦”。都是历史原因。
像日本嫌Japan不好,自造英文名字“Nippon”,
谁会去用?
奇怪的到是不少北京人、上海人,本来地名里没有n结尾,却
自称“北京妮子”、“上海妮子”。英文只好写成“Beij
ingnese”、“Shanghainese”。其实如
果按照英语习惯用法,实在应该是“北京哥儿”、“上海汉”
(Beijinger、Shanghain)。
--
金冈@爱河.花城
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亏你聪明用“Shanghain”而不是“Shanghaier”,否则...
作者:砖头 - 2000/02/25 11:44:19
***
如果你用了“Shanghaier”,那就成了“拐骗者”。为什么
“Shanghaier”在英文里是“拐骗者”的意思?是否旧时上
海人口贩子特别多?
此外,“上海人”以前在英文里曾经用过“Shanghailander”,
倒是不如“Shanhain”来得简洁,而且有点谐音。词尾音节
有点象方言的“人”(yin)。
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先拿这个敷衍一下,我似乎还有一本词典有此源考,待星期一吧。
作者:Last Hermit - 2000/02/25 11:55:00
***
1.To kidnap (a man) for compulsory service aboard a ship, especially after drugging him.
2.To induce or compel (someone) to do something, especially by fraud or force: We were shanghaied into buying worthless securities.
[After Shanghai1, from the former custom of kidnapping sailors to man ships going to China.]
Excerpted from The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition Copyright ?1992 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Electronic version licensed from Lernout & Hauspie Speech Products N.V., further reproduction and distribution restricted in accordance with the Copyright Law of the United States. All rights reserved.
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Meunique
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似乎挺象那么回事的。谢谢!
作者:砖头 - 2000/02/25 15:35:25
***
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chinaman 很不礼貌,但玩笑场合尚可。如同洋鬼子。
作者:chink 是绝对污辱性的。 - 2000/02/25 11:49:50
***
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支那
作者:Last Hermit - 2000/02/26 04:31:38
***
【支那】1.古代 印度 、 希腊 和 罗马 等地人称 中国 为Cīna,Thin,Sinae等,或以为皆是 秦国 的“秦”之对音。佛教经籍中作 支那 。也写作 至那 、 脂那 等。2.近代 日本 亦曾称 中国 为 支那 。(《汉语大词典]1.0版,汉语大词典出版社,商务印书馆(香港)有限公司)
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Meunique
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旧名或有贬义;新名考虑宜详…
作者:Tak - 2000/02/25 11:53:22
***
China 其实也是来自希腊文的 Sinai,
中间经过拉丁文 Sin-。Sinai 来自阿拉伯文,与圣经
上原是希伯来文的 Sinai 只是雷同而已。China 不是
英国人作的;也不是以物件(陶器)为国名,而是以国
名为物件。China 本身其实没有贬意。这个字历史悠久,
又是很多个国家通用的,我觉得不宜更改。
Chinese 是另一回事。英文的字源比较复杂,所以由
地名变成种族—语言—形容词时有很多不同的字尾
(suffix)可以用;久而久之,有些字尾变得 *好
像* 有特别的用法和意义。(其他西方文字多半全由
地名发音来决定用什麽字尾,所以没有英文那麽麻
烦。)-ese 这字尾本来是中性的,有用在不少欧洲
地名上面(如 Vienna - Viennese、Genoa - Genovese、
Piedmont - Piedmontese),但後来不知怎地变得好
像是东亚专用的;再加上有些人对东亚人歧视的态度,
使这个字尾带上贬意色彩。此外,英文也有这样的用
法:把 -ese加在非地名後面,用来表示“古怪的语言
文字”(略带贬意);如 legalese -- 冗长累赘的
法律文字。
改不改用其他字尾是很复杂的也带点主观的问题。客
观上,大部份(但不是全部)说英语的人都不觉得
-ese 和 Chinese 有贬意。另外,Chinese 这个字
有自己的历史,如果中国人 *不会因此感到自卑*
的话,是可以完全不理其他 -ese 字的用法的。
(维也纳人就不反对 Viennese。)反过来说,如果
人家歧视你,一样可以把新名字变成种族脏话,那时
是不是又要再改?
参考一、在很多歧视犹太人的人的心目中,Jew 是很
具侮辱性的字眼,但犹太人从不因此而避用 Jew 这
个字,*决不认同*敌人的心态*。
参考二、自从缅甸改名以来,西方人开始对改旧地名
产生反感,引缅甸为笑柄。
参考三、美国黑人从 negro - colored - black -
African-American 改了不少次,每次似乎都得到大
部份人的支持。然而有些著名的黑人机构却不改名:
如 United Negro College Fund;National Assoc.
for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)。
个人以为改的话,-ian 似乎是最普遍的字尾,
(即 Chinian)。
“Central Kingdom of Sinai”?不是开玩笑吧?
中国现在还有帝王吗?
也谈一谈作者提到的那位华裔美国人 John。我猜他
不愿意被称做 Chinese 的理由是因为他觉得自己是
美国人多於中国人;他不想被其他美国人视为外族。
把 Chinese 改成什麽都是无补於事的。
至於 Asian,我是不大喜欢的。以色列人、印度人
也是 Asian,与中国人同组,不过是一个欧洲中心
的地理观所带来的意外罢了。我宁愿自称是“东胜
神洲”的人。“西牛贺洲”的人自己改名为“欧罗
巴洲”算了,我懒得跟他们胡来。:-)
Tak
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基本同意Tak的意见。还是不变可应万变。
作者:古月 - 2000/02/25 11:56:09
***
您和“金冈”对“China”一词词源的探讨都与本人平常的积累
吻合。相同点就不重复了。
您在文中基本不主张改名,甚至连“Chinese”也不必改,尽管后
缀“-ese”历经演变似乎已带上文化烙印。这一点咱也同意,根
本不必改。
但是,您说,如果要改,那就用常见后缀“-an”,改成“Chinian”,
这可不敢苟同。这似乎给人一种印象,似乎在跟"Americans",
"Canadians"争平权似的,楞要与他们套近乎,或争取与他们平
起平坐,这大概也会象缅甸改名一样给人留下笑柄。
如果你确实很美,毫不逊色于西施,可是已经有人叫西施了,
而你并不是西施。这时,人家即使非叫你“虎妞”,也未必会
让你脸上无光。关键是你自身的价值和自信。不一定只有带
“施”字后缀的才为真美人。如果非把“虎妞”改成“东施”,
那才让人笑话呢。
所以我同意您的意见:(1)根本不用改。(2)如果非改不可,不同
意用“Chinian”,可考虑直接叫“Zhongguo”和“Zhongguoren”。
不过实在没必要。
我们经常听有人口头叫骂着“小日本”,“洋鬼子”,“美国
佬”,可是那买起东洋车来,嫁起“洋鬼子”来,某些人并不
落后。什么道理?名不臭人,人臭名也!
古月
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用“HUAREN华人”取代“CHINESE”,用“ZHONGHUA中华”取代“CHINA”
作者:宁封子 - 2000/02/25 12:06:38
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Some ideas on CHINESE, CHINA:
First, let me say these words are going to be outdated with the rise of our national and
ethnical economic strength.
In fact I keep telling foreigners that we are not CHINESE. I said in a presentation to an
international audience that "We're CHINESE only because Westerners call us CHINESE.
We're people of long history, rich culture and vast territory. For thousands of years we
even did not think us as people of a country, but the people of the CENTER of the
world. We have a well developed elegant language and a philosophy heritage
empowering us to be sustainable in any kinds of situations. The world still has not
understood our past fully, let alone the potential of our future. If you really want to
know us, you should learn a little bit of our language and try to call us in our way to
pronounce the words. Then hopefully, you may get the feeling..."
I feel sorry for our people being not so modernized at present, but it, in my opinion is
merely a problem of time. When our people has fully exhibited its potential, the concept
of modernization will be redefined and be able to become more intellectual, healthy and
meaningful.
I feel more sorry for those stupid and arrogant foreigners for their ignorance and
short-sightedness. They seem satisfied with their achievements of dozens of years.
And they are increasingly fragile, vulnerable and unsurvivable. If they can not change,
let them alone.
We should advocate a natively pronounced word to be our ethnic name such as
HUAREN华人, but not any spelling combinations of any other languages, be it CHINESE,
SINAIAN,or ASIAN! By doing so we show our identity, origin and uniqueness. Similarly,
CHINA should be replaced by ZHONGHUA中华 notZHONGGUO中国。
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宁封子:Your point is well taken! Thanks!
作者:古月 - 2000/02/25 12:10:23
***
If it's necessary and when the time should come to change the symbol, "Zhonghua"
instead of "China" and "Huaren" for "Chinese" should be acceptable. They're better
than "Sinai" and "Sinaian", and more accurate than "Zhongguo" and "Zhongguoren".
In my opinion, however, with every step forward in China's economic and social
progress, both "China" and "Chinese" will be hammered so deep in human memory that
they will have been closely associated with "progress" and "strength" by the time
you try to change them into "Zhonghua" and "Huaren" respectively. Names can be
promoted and glorified by substance and only the lack of substance or poor
substance will outdate names.
If you wish to change names or symbols, so to speak, better do it before China
becomes strong as what they did in Burma which has been changed to "Myanma" when
it's so weak and insignificant. Afro-Americans, the weaker section of the American society,
have also attempted to change their symbols so many times in history until they are
now called as such. My point is, names or symbols don't make much impression if what
they signify is insignificant. If you wish to change them, now is the time. Don't wait
until what they signify becomes significant, visible and impressive, and by then, any
attempt to change the signifier could only be counterproductive and self-defeating.
After all, what we call rose would smell just as sweet by another name.
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Ya, you're right!
作者:ningfengzi - 2000/02/25 12:14:30
***
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大家都来推行“HUAREN华人”
作者:james - 2000/02/25 12:16:21
***
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都不好!等咱们中国强大了,只讲中文,人家一提莎翁,就叫他/她闭嘴……
作者:Last Hermit - 2000/02/25 12:21:52
***
然后,让他/她大声诵读圣人语录!用中文读!
并告诉他/她,咱们多少年前就有礼,而他们直到前几百年还在马桶上接待客人!!!
忘了说,千万要用中文做电脑语言,别讲英文!
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Meunique
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冒昧说一句,贤兄是不是又过了?自尊自信并不必盛气凌人啊?
作者:hz - 2000/02/25 12:51:19
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孔圣虽好,中华文化固然灿烂,一枝独秀不也闷得慌?我们叫莎翁闭嘴,自己不是正好就变成了和傲
慢无知地轻视或鄙视中华文化的美国人一样的人了吗?贤兄明鉴:-)
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HZ贤妹,难得糊涂
作者:xy - 2000/02/27 13:32:50
***
本来无意参加这类讨论,只是看到HZ误解隐士觉得奇怪。隐士的意思很清楚,我完全理解而且赞同。这个题目很无聊,所以隐士才那样对付。
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China 和 Chinese两字并没有贬意
作者:黑妈妈 - 2000/02/25 12:20:27
***
(1) China 和 Chinese两字并没有贬意.
(2) 历史上从古希腊也好, 从西班牙, 拉丁也好, 都和秦国有关. Chin就是指中国.是个名字而已.
(3) 从实质上讲, 没必要改. I am proud to be a Chinese!
另:
Sinaian, 如果你很有爱心, 很公正, 那么为什么称一个homeless man是worthless bum呢?
你对他的歧视你自己能明白吗? 我替你感到心寒.
如果你不想别人歧视你, 那么自己最好先别歧视别人.
自己也别那么自卑. 自己先不要小瞧自己. 更不要无中生有地闹乱子.
我为我自己能称为是Chinese而感到骄傲!
I AM PROUD TO BE A CHINESE!
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黑妈妈:您说的完全正确!先圣孟子有言:
作者:黄婆婆 - 2000/02/25 16:10:52
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“人必先自侮,而后人侮之。”我想此帖作者并不是什么爱国主义者,而是别有用心、一知半解的宗教狂热者。他自称来自中国,却要给中国另起个名字叫西乃,还自称为西乃人,硬要跟以色列民族英雄摩西扯上关系!而此人对犹太教、基督教也不一定有多大的理解,在美国可能闹了不少笑话,丢了不少中国人的脸;自取其辱之余,乃异想天开,要找国家领导人(King of the Central Kingdom?)商量更改国名。我看此帖是<新笑林广记>的上好材料。
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CHINESE, 自信起来吧!
作者:古月 - 2000/02/25 12:25:24
***
每个民族,每种文化中都有少数极端民粹主义者甚或种族主义者的。
这少数人的文化偏见和种族仇恨多半源于偏执、无知和封闭,而不一
定是构词法造成的。
用“Chinese”来贬损人的情况有没有呢?不能说没有。泰国人就用
“Chinese”来贬称凶悍的妇人。如果哪个女性很利害,泰国人就会
说,“She is a Chinese.”但这与“-ese”为词尾的构词法有没有
关系呢?应该是没有的。你就是把中国人称作“Chinian”,他们也
一样用“Chinian”指称悍妇,就如他们把狡诈者叫做“Indian”一
样,"Indian"总不是以"-ese"作后缀的吧?这是他们以简单的民族性
结论来作出方便判断的。同样,在纽约,“China Town”对某些纽约
人来说,也有骂人“脏”的含义。这也不是构词法造成的,而是曼哈
顿的唐人街长期以来留下的臭名。China Town 和Italian Town毗邻,
相形见绌也是事实。甚至不如Korean Town 和Japanese Town。这种
印象刻骨铭心,不是先有构词法弄污了唐人街,而是唐人街弄污了自
己的名字。如前所述:名不臭人,人臭名也!
把某种重复出现过的行为概括为民族性,然后反过来以该民族的集体
符号指代这种行为,是一种以偏概全的文化偏见。例如,“犹太人
(Jew)”可以用来骂人“吝啬鬼”,“希腊人(Greek)”可以用来骂人
“骗子”,还可用“荷兰人(Dutchman)”赌咒:“如果我做了....
事,那我就是小狗!”英文可以说"I'm a Dutchman if I did..."
可见,这种文化偏见并不是某一个民族的专利,每个民族,每种文化
,甚至每个地方,或多或少都存在着这种偏见;就连中国本土,“江
北人”,“上海人”,不同的人用还代表着不同的偏见呢!
而另一方面呢,又并不是所有的人都认同或接受这种偏见的。难道谁
见过多少犹太人向人介绍“I'm a Jew.”的时候,面带自卑神情的
吗?可以说,制造这种偏见的和认同并接受这种偏见的,无外乎这么
几类人:偏执者;闭目塞听者;受教育不多者;自卑心态深重者。
如其它网友分别阐述的,“-ese”后缀所涉构词法基本上是个语言习
惯问题,与词根的尾音音素有关。为节省篇幅,就不重复论证了。原
帖作者显然是把上述文化偏见误认为是构词法造成的了。其实是本末
倒置了。要说构词法,历史上倍受歧视的符号--“犹太人(Jews)”、
“希腊人(Greeks)”和“荷兰人(Dutchmen)”,还有“印度人(Indians)”
--可没带"-ese"后缀呀?!是不是他们反而得改用“-ese”后缀呢?
是智者都十分清楚,通过改变构词法是去不掉这种偏见的。换个符号,
人家只要愿意,同样可以用新的符号侮辱你,而且可能还又多了
个笑柄:“Oh, SINAIAN?! I see! You're NOT Chinese anymore?!
Great, SINAIAN! To hell with the Chinese! Long live CHINIANS!”
Feeling any better? 感觉果真好多了吗?
总而言之,文化的自我中心和排外是每个地方都有的,就看自身如何
对待了。原文作者的态度太自卑消极,甚至病态。不能让他这种观点
和心态潜移默化地给中国人种下自卑的种子。即使没有恶意,其恶果
是显而易见的。
古月
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看来确实任何事情都有两面,要不是那无聊的原帖,还读不到古月君的这番高论呢!好极了!
作者:xy - 2000/02/28 01:34:04
***
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Just for the fun
作者:Proud Chinese - 2000/02/25 16:28:55
***
of making this self-styled Sinaian cringe further and feel even smaller, I hereby declare: ME TOO, I AM EXTREMELY PROUD OF BEING A CHINESE.
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做点什么吧!
作者:称呼苏北又何妨? - 2000/02/26 01:26:45
***
盼望祖国繁荣、富强,让中国人挨人白眼、受人欺辱的日子一去不复返,这绝对是好事一桩!然而,任何美好愿望的实现,需要的可能不是“临渊慕鱼”地改从美名,而是脚踏实地地“退而结网”。别担心,月亮不会因被乌云遮住而不叫月亮,玫瑰也不会因改了名字就不再芬芳。人,重要的是自己瞧得起自己!把位置找准、把事做好、把心摆正!
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我庄严表态,但我很困,为表明我极端超级无敌爱国,暂且用这个敷衍一下……
作者:Last Hermit - 2000/02/25 12:05:06
***
爱国隐士涧涧
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Meunique
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万分抱歉!楼上只有一次。希望这个能成我美好愿望!!!
作者:Last Hermit - 2000/02/25 12:14:36
***
爱国隐士涧涧
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Meunique
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请问“爱国隐士”身后的“涧”字做何讲?
作者:想知道 - 2000/02/25 19:11:30
***
隐士君在哪里找到这个字?
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哈哈!知隐士贤弟者莫若他的愚姐:-))))
作者:hz - 2000/02/25 19:43:44
***
没准您以为隐士“渐渐”淡出镜头归隐山林了?非也!山林里没有计算机,他早消了这等俗念了:-))
其实是贤弟近来迷上了数学(数字命名学的简称:-),得知“涧”是10的64次方的意思,立刻拿来表示
自己爱国爱得八个火车头拉不转、九死一生也无悔、十的六十四次方的十的六十四次方次地投生为人
,都要非中国人不当!简直太酷了!
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哈哈!亏您还是“贤妹”!难道您还不知道,近年来最畅销、最有市场的是什么吗?
作者:Last Hermit - 2000/02/26 03:57:18
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爱国、爱国、爱国!!!如今,谁要是闷得慌,又想让自己一下子声名鹊起,不妨想想在自己身上贴个“爱国”标签,然后,招摇过市,然后,鼠摸狗盗,然后,拈花惹草,然后,鱼肉百姓,然后,男盗女娼,然后……□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□对不起,以下过于紧俏,有意者,请与隐士爱国爱炎黄子孙爱中华民族爱汉字爱唐诗爱宋词鄙美帝鄙西方鄙莎氏鄙汉堡鄙电脑鄙手机鄙ABC办公室筹备组接洽,并交付手续费5000元美金,有沉鱼落雁之色者,另有安排。联系人:Q先生,联系电话:5414。
对了,忘了告诉大家,以上招数倘若被人识穿,并当场擒获,尚有一绝招:告诉他们您全身上下,从发肤到血液都是爱国的,连股臀处亦有“爱国”二字!
又及:尚有一人可以问津,此人姓希名特勒,据闻极端爱国。
南无阿弥陀佛!阿门!
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Meunique
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在楼上不大知道,下楼以后就觉悟了:-)
作者:hz - 2000/02/26 09:09:23
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莫名其妙的是,我那语法贴希望大家多提问题,但却反应冷淡。如今,这一贴,却个个都站起来,争相发言,而且还是直接的。看来,中国人真得很“齐心”!
作者:Last Hermit - 2000/02/26 09:58:39
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其实,这种“爱国”的意见,早就在上个世纪见识过了,好象还登过《羊城晚报》!
说实在的,当初我第一眼看到题目,我就没有再看下去了(如今,也没看超过2行!)。道理很简单,也很武断:上一世纪,中国的仁人志士不知几许,通晓中西文的也不乏其人。他们都是学富五车之人,更是满腔热血,可为什么就没有发现这个“贬损”中国人的词儿呢?就想到这儿,已经没有必要再想下去了。
再说,退一万步来讲,假如真的是那么回事,咱们是不是要联合国召开特别会议来讨论这个问题呢?再退一万万步来说,联合国一致通过要解决这问题,所有文献均改为褒扬中国人的字儿,难道全世界讲英文的的人民就会跟着你唱和?世界语不是提倡了多少年了吧,至今中国有多少人懂?世界有多少人懂?可知道,语言始终是个巨人;行动,却只能是个矮子……
也许,我真的明白,为什么这年头总在造英雄……
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Meunique
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不知别人,我的看法
作者:hz - 2000/02/26 11:04:26
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语法帖供学,而学了就为用啊?这里这个原帖虽无聊,倒引出不少知识丰富、学以致用的帖文,使我
觉得很受益。从您那里学的语法,以后自然有用得上的时候,贤师不可过于急切嘛:-)
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太急了,对不起
作者:xy - 2000/02/27 14:04:36
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几天没上网,匆匆看了两帖,就回应了楼上的帖子,知道HZ妹妹不会在意。再往下看,才知人家已经觉悟了。对不起。在此对隐士贤弟说两句,您的语法帖子我是认真看的,这类帖子属于阅读性的,谁敢跟书争论什磨呀,所以没有回应。绝不是说这种题目比您的语法帖子有价值。以后咱都别跟这类题目耽误功夫。
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Not at all! We'd been "like styles" even before we were "like minds" on this :-)
作者:hz - 2000/02/27 14:34:12
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我也看隐士的语法贴子。看就是收获。没有说话,希望隐士不介意。
作者:同感 - 2000/02/27 18:09:30
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Hi:想知道; here are the rest of the powers of ten nomenclature..
作者:ds - 2000/02/27 19:57:41
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Based on an old magazine article, and with the help of Hz
and Last Hermit verifying some of the terms and the source,
I made a list of names for the Chinese powers of ten sytem
in this location for any one who may be interested.
http://www.openface.ca/~dstephen/potpurri.htm#units
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从学术角度来说,Chinese & China 没有贬义;谈点历史
作者:Learner - 2000/02/25 15:53:49
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学术角度,这里指政治与历史(Political Science; History)
如果这两个词有贬义,恐怕我们早就拍案而起了,无论是台湾还是中国。不会等到今天吧。
Chink 与 Nigger 一样,是污蔑语。
要谈得太多,简单地说,华人(我的习惯:华人与中国人同语)在美国的地位正在逐步提高,这是历史的进步,人文主义的进步,也是中国做为一个独立的(大)国,在国际经济政治事务中有重要一席的原因。
聊几句华侨历史,主要谈不平等待遇,华人的贡献免去不谈:
最初来美国的华人是商人,学生和外交官。一八四九年有广东人回国,带回金子给故乡的人看之后,才有大批的广东人和一部分福建人涌入加州。那时正是中国水深火热、民不聊生的时候。到一八五0年聚在加州的华人由四八年的几百人(也可能是最高达到两千人)激增到四万人。平均年龄二十二岁。中国人的外貌、语言、生活习惯使他们形成了独立的一群。他们的能干与勤奋立即遭到欧美淘金者的不满。一八五年庆祝加州纳入美国版图的游行大会上,中国民工表演了狮子舞。美方代表(没有书在手边,恕不引具体的名字)表扬 China boys 的能干,并说希望介绍更多的中国人到美国来一起建议加州。可是过了不久反对华工的舆论就高涨起来,中国民工立即被取消买地皮挖矿的权力。这些贫苦的年青人只能在别人丢弃的矿里挖金。如果费用千辛万苦找到金沙子,还要格外小心,因为白人工人还随时来看。
华侨不准在许多部门工作,因此开餐馆和洗衣店这样脏、重的营生才在华人中间铺开。
长话短说,到了一八八二年,反华的声浪达到高峰,以至于美国国会通过法律不准华人来美 (Chinese Exclusion Act)。而已经在美的华人,除非是本地出生的,根本不能加入美国籍。这一情况直到二次世界大战后才有改变。(一九五二年国会正式通过不同民族移民都可以成为公民的法案)
一八六三年林肯总统签署了解放南方叛乱区的黑奴,国会在内战后通过黑人解放法案。到了一百年后,Martin L. King 还在忙着游行,争取自由平等。
多灾多难的中国在鸦片战争后就挣扎在多少战火之中,多少不平等条约之下。从那时起到一九四九年,整整过了一百年的时间她(here I prefer to use "motherland")才从新站起来。
可是过去不是一下子就过去了。即使在今天,就在我自己的经历中,也有因为我是中国人而不应有的遭遇。比如说去医务室看病受到的怠慢。我也见过在美的中国人歧视自己的同胞,歧视黑人(不做亲密的朋友和歧视是两回事),对任何人都不友好,没有道德修养,做事情丢自己的脸不说,更是丢中国人的脸。
国内很多人对黑人的看法我也不敢恭维。允许自己歧视别人,就是承认种族优势,也为别人歧视自己打开了大门。
原因在于历史,在于由于过去带来的偏见,也在于我们自己。值此讨论之际,让我们共同祝愿我们的民族能自强不息,祝愿祖国日益繁荣昌盛,祝愿每一个中国人都能够自信自尊自爱。
(我说的一点历史仅凭记忆。当然是文责自付)
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Thanks for your informative and instructive input!
作者:reader - 2000/02/25 23:25:27
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What ? Don't tell me this guy is posting here !!!!!!
作者:ds - 2000/02/26 00:16:09
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I just logged in and lo and behold, it's Sinaian's post !!
I am glad he decided to post here so that he gets a thorough
trashing from everyone.
I came across his post somewhere else a few months ago.
I was quite frustrated to find that he was able to convince
some students of some university who wanted to put his
misguided view onto their university's bulletin.
I have forgotten exactly what I wrote in response. Just like many
of you did here, I wrote down a lot list of nationalities
whose suffixes are -ese and those whose suffixes are -ian
to try to convince him that there is no clear pattern of
discrimination.
I guess he prefers -IANS so that he can be associated with other
-IANS such as IndonesIANS who discriminates
and persecutes Chinese .
This is a case where a person sees a skeleton behind
every closet , a demon under every bed, and a hidden meaning
inside every word.
I have a feeling that this little ancedote he talks about in
his article is a complete fabrication.
I thought in the old days, before Asian Gangs became a problem,
people were actually "proud" to be recognized as Chinese because
Chinese were always considered to be good and reliable citizens.
Asian students were referred to as "Asian Whiz kids". (I remember
seeing an article in TIME magazine mentioning about the phenomena
of Asian Whiz kids.)
Mr.Sianian, To quote: "you can fool some of the people some of the time,
and you can fool some of the people all of the time; but you can't fool
all of the people all of the time."
Thoroughly disgusted again.
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老乡!此话可不能这么讲!
作者:Last Hermit - 2000/02/26 04:14:56
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鉴于楼上诸位尚不够爱国,兹建议:
发动当年全民大炼钢精神,无论男女老少,必买OED或韦氏全版词典,所有人放下所有的活儿,全部钻研英文(先英文后其它西文),凡发现蕴有蔑视我中华儿女之字或词者,重赏!唯其如此,方可兴我中华之大业。然后向红毛们庄严宣布:“咱们以前比你阔多了,你算什么东西!”
此致
最崇高的、最爱国的敬礼!
鄙英文鄙法文鄙德文鄙西方办公室
阿Q的后代
中华儿女多奇志,超英赶美此其时!
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Meunique
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Give me a break! This is an old posting in some other forums in http://www.omnitalk.com. Well refuted.
作者:fang hu zhai - 2000/02/27 14:09:39
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Not just one place.
作者:ET - 2000/02/27 22:36:28
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Search with the word Sianian and you will find that this
guy's post is everywhere. It's spreading like weeds. Problem is
that many people will take it seriously and help to spread
this untruth even more.
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