Last Hermit 于 2000/02/26 12:10:11 发表在 汉英
章节有些混乱，不便之处，尚祈各位海涵。
主语--动词一致
一、一般规则
我们可以把数的一致 concord或者“agreement”)解释为两个语法单位之间具有这样的关系：其中一个单位表现出某一种特征（如复数），与另一个单位所表现的（或语义上隐含的）特征相一致。在英语中，一致关系最重要的类型是主语和动词之间第三人称数的一致。通常遵循的规则是非常简单的：
单数主语需用单数动词：
My daughter watches television after supper.（单数主语＋单数动词）
复数主语需用复数动词：
My daughters watch television after supper.（复数主语＋复数动词）
在名词短语表示主语时，如果名词短语的中心词是单数，这个名词短语就算作单数：
The CHANGE in male attitudes is most obvious in industry.
The CHANGES in male attitude are most obvious in industry.
限定和非限定分句一般算作单数：
How you got there doesn't concern me.
To treat them as hostages is criminal.
Smoking cigarettes is dangerous to your health.
起主语作用的介词短语和副词也算作单数：
In the evening is best for me. Slowly does it!
名词性关系分句（the nominal relative clause）是个明显的例外。名词性关系分句介于分句和名词短语这两者之间。在表示一致时，名词性关系分句的数取决于对wh-成分数的理解。对于限定词what和whatever，数的一致取决于受限定名词的数。试比较下面的例3）和例4）
1）What were supposed to be new proposals were in fact modifications of earlier
ones.
2）What was once a palace is now a pile of rubble.
3）Whatever book a Times reviewer praises sells well.
4）What ideas he has are his wife's.
如果限定动词短语中第一个动词是单数形式，动词就算作单数：
My son has/My sons have no intention of spending a vacation with me.
A letter has/Two letters have been sent to every applicant.
对于一般规则的应用，在几个大的方面有所限制：
A）除了动词BE以外，动词数的区别只表现在第三人称现在时。因此，动词在过去时中一般不表示数的一致。
B）数的一致只表现在陈述句中。非限定动词、祈使句和虚拟句没有数的区别。
C）情态动词没有数的区别。
注：我们可以把一致的规则归纳为“语义上不是明显表示复数的主语，用单数动词”；这就是说，把单数作为无标记形式，用于没有表示肯定是复数的中性场合。这一点说明了为什么存在句中除了分句主语外，在非正式讲话时还有在假拟主语（the pseudo-subject）there后面用is或was的倾向，例如There's hundreds of people on the waiting list。同样地，疑问词who和what作主语时，通常用单数动词，即使在说话人有理由相信所涉及的人或实体在一个以上时：Who is making all that noises?但是，如果问句中的其他一些词表明了在回答中要用复数主语（Who have not received their passes?），疑问词可以用复数动词。
另一方面，接近的原则之所以使单数变成复数，比复数变成单数更为经常，可以是因为复数在形态上是无标记形式。
---------------
Meunique
[ 回应主贴 ]
[ 返回论坛 ]
跟贴目录:
其他类型的一致：十、主语和补语及宾语和补语的一致
作者：Last Hermit - 2000/02/26 12:19:20
***
十、主语和补语及宾语和补语的一致
在主语和主语补语之间及直接宾语和宾语补语之间，通常存在数的一致（但不存在人称的一致）：
1）My child is an angel. I consider my child an angel.
2）My children are angels. I consider my children angels.
由于这两种补语的语义作用，上述这种一致是很自然的，但是，也有例外：
3）My only hope for the future is my children.（也可用are）
4）More nurses is the next item on the agenda.（也可用are）
5）Their principal crop is potatoes
6）That man is nuts.
7）Good manners are a rarity these days.（也可用is）
8）The younger children are a problem.
9）The next few bars are pure Tchaikovsky.（也可用is）
10）Dogs are good company.
例3）中的补语看来也许精简了暗含的介词：My only hope for the future is in my children.4）中的主语同样可以作为简略形式来分析（有点像“the question of more nurses”）或者也许可以作为标题来对待。在例5）中，主语补语是个类属名词短语。这种名词短语同样也可以是单数：Their principal crop is the potato。例6）--例10）都有一种在形式上是名词，而在描述功能上更接近于形容词的主语补语。这种补语常常没有相对的单、复数两种形式；例如不说The houses are bricks，而只说The houses are brick.
[注]：
a)正如主语和补语可以相互转换这一点表明的，例3）、例4）和例5）中的补语是定述性的：My children are my only hope for the future; The next item on the agenda is more nurses; Potatoes are their principal crop.
b）宾语what前移的假拟分裂结构可以用复数的主语补语
11）What we need most is books.
但是what的数是两可的，往往被解释成可以和“the thing that”等同，也可以和“the things that”等同，所以我们还见到作主语的what分句与复数动词连用的现象：
12）What we need most are books
对于在what分句中的动词和与分句有一致关系的动词，有的规范教学法要求两个都用单数：
13）What is needed most is books.
当what引导的分句作主语补语时，我们也见到用单数动词的形象。但是，对于这种违反一致规则的现象，有人是反对的：
14）？＊Books is what we need most/what is needed most.（注：“？＊”表示倾向于不能接受，但并非完全不能接受；之前的“？”表示讲本族语的人不能肯定其可接受性）
c）用了be all ears, be all elbows, be all fingers and thumbs这类成语以后，如果主语是单数，主语和补语就不存在一致问题。例如：I'm all ears.（“I'm listening with all my attention.”）
---------------------------
Meunique
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
隐士老师，我太感动了
作者：hz - 2000/02/26 12:42:48
***
但是消化吸收需要时间，有些得以后用时回来查大概才记得更清。您得原谅学生的鲁钝！非常感谢！
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
Read and learned. Thanks! But...
作者：hz - 2000/02/26 12:33:16
***
I don't quite understand what "Slowly does it" means, if "slowly" is the subject. Or maybe this is an inverted sentence? Thanks!
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
Easy and slow
作者：laoliu - 2000/02/26 12:55:39
***
I think it's similar to "easy does it" structurally(?).
To illustrate the link:
Take it easy; do things in an easy, light-hearted manner; easy does it.
Take it slow; do things slowly and carefully, in a less stressful way; slowly does it. (I suspect sloppy Americans might say slow does it, but I'm not sure.)
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
Thanks a lot! That makes sense.
作者：hz - 2000/02/26 14:20:49
***
我在想"Slowly does it"除了说"别着急, 慢慢做"之外, 有没有说"这件事(本身)急不得，得慢慢来"的意思("slowly"于是就象个名词了)?
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
是的，
作者：laoliu - 2000/02/26 15:25:18
***
>我在想"Slowly does it"除了说"别着急, 慢慢做"之外, 有没有说"这件事(本身)急不得，得慢慢来"的意思("slowly"于是就象个名词了)?
我想是有这个意思。(When you say something exhortative， you certainly imply benefit in doing things your way.) 从语法上讲将，这个结构可以理解为“Doing things slowly does it (the job) better”。好在这样的结构不多，我不会去做太多的语法分析。
Incidentally, searches through AltaVista, my all-purpose English usage guide, yielded over 100 instances of "slowly does it" and about 50 instances of "slow does it." I didn't check if the latter could be mainly contributed to U.S. sources.
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
Waiter, does you have "my words" today?
作者：laoliu - 2000/02/26 16:12:31
***
好像所有的“slow does it”都与我们这里的讨论无关。
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
I appreciate your effort very much.
作者：hz - 2000/02/26 17:27:35
***
Not quite understand the title of your last posting, but you don't have to bother to explain :-). Thank you!
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
赞隐士，也就SLOWLY抄录一节供参考
作者：野草 - 2000/02/26 20:07:35
***
谢谢隐士，学习隐士。语法书同辞典一样，可读而且必读，但往往是遇到问题回过头来再查再读时才有所大悟，印象深刻。除非是专门研究语言的人，否则要一般人很有兴趣地抱本语法书从头读到尾，实在是不现实。隐士费了大劲翻译、贴了不少极有价值的语法好帖，使需要者都可得益，值得钦佩。但隐兄可不能指望众人见了这些语法条条和例句都会前来“讨论”吧。不过请相信，不够热烈不等于不欢迎，等在翻译写作中遇到吃不准的问题时，人们自会回来查看，仔细体会的。
今天礼拜天，有点时间。针对HZ和LAOLIU关于 slowly 的讨论，我也来抄录QUIRK 的有关一节，相信有用。先说一句：我认为 laoliu 理解的“得慢慢来”是准确的，或者相当于：“还是慢慢来才行”。
10. 15 Adverbial forms as subject
The subject is normally realized by a noun phrase or a nominal clause. In certain restricted contexts (all informal) prepositional phrases, adverbs, and adverbial clauses - all of which normally realize the adverbial element in the clause - function as subject. Two conditions allow this use of adverbials:
(i) the adverbial is a fragment of an understood clause, or
(ii) the sentence can be related to one with prop "it":
SLOWLY is exactly how he speaks. ['Speaking slowly is exactly how ...']
OUT On THE LAKE will be splendid. ['A trip out on the lake will be splendid']
WHENEVER YOU ARE READY will be fine. ['It will be fine whenever ...'; cf. SUNDAY WILL BE FINE.]
Will AFTER THE SHOW be soon enough?
BECAUSE SALLY WANTS TO LEAVE doesn't mean that we have to.
Note:
[a] An adverb may be subject in the stereotyped construction with the predicate DOES IT:
CAREFULLY/SLOWLY/GENTLY does it.
EASY may be subject in this construction too; although it has the same form as the adjective, it is presumably an adverb in this stereotyped construction. Compare EASY in other stereotyped constructions: EASY COME, EASY GO; TAKE IT EASY; GO EASY ON ...
In this construction we cannot substitute a prepositional phrase (*With great care does it) ot change the form of the verb (*Carefully did it).
[b] TODAY, YESTERDAY, etc regularly function as subject. But these are on the gradient from adverb to noun. Clauses such as "Today will be fine" illustrate blurring of nominal and adverbial functions. The sentence is ambiguous between 'Today, the time you stipulated, wll be a suitable time' and 'The weather will be fine today'.
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
如此清楚明白！十分感谢！
作者：hz - 2000/02/26 20:42:09
***
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
真的是非常简洁的用法，谢谢！
作者：laoliu - 2000/02/27 16:33:09
***
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
谢谢老师帮忙！谢谢贤妹提问，问得好！答得也好！
作者：Last Hermit - 2000/02/28 09:32:46
***
楼下撒了一点泼^_^，仿佛做了什么不得人心的事，要大家表态支持似的，不敬之处，尚祈原宥！
---------------------------
Meunique
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
没有啦，倒是透着贤弟憨直可爱...
作者：xy - 2000/02/28 10:16:57
***
私乎畏乎？
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
哈哈！您也来称姐？我看，您还是有做妹妹的份儿了吧！
作者：Last Hermit - 2000/02/29 04:00:25
***
---------------------------
Meunique
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
哈哈哈哈......
作者：xy - 2000/02/29 05:10:08
***
鹤子称您贤弟，却叫我姐姐，您算算，您作我的闲弟哪点委屈了？
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
哈哈哈！那是她僭越这故！
作者：Last Hermit - 2000/02/29 06:04:41
***
---------------------------
Meunique
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
呵呵，不服！您连韩英都不晓得。。。:-)
作者：hz - 2000/02/29 08:53:37
***
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
不就是一个韩英嘛！咳，“人老喽，眼也望沙喽！”
作者：Last Hermit - 2000/02/29 09:29:48
***
---------------------------
Meunique
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
罢了，跟px“低头”站一起去了:-)
作者：hz - 2000/02/29 10:15:50
***
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
今天怎麽这麽多低头认罪的？而且都与隐士君有关，厉害！
作者：xy - 2000/02/29 12:06:10
***
我想HZ妹妹是有求隐士兄修理“温良倩”，又叫哥哥又低头，非害得隐士贤弟上刀山下火海在所不辞。
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
我跟px那叫“绵里藏针”
作者：hz - 2000/02/29 12:18:56
***
“低头”但是无罪！:-)隐士学问大，让他一把也没什么嘛！:-)
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
哈哈！我这招叫“欲擒故纵”！并向各位推荐一部新的汉英词典……
作者：Last Hermit - 2000/03/01 10:21:35
***
绵里藏针：iron hand in velvet glove
欲擒故纵：loosen reins the better to tighten them
《汉英词典》（ABC Chinese English Dictionary),[美]John DeFrancis(汉学专家)编，汉语大词典出版社
---------------------------
Meunique
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
怎么还没睡
作者：姐姐 - 2000/03/01 10:41:47
***
打9：14就嚷嚷困了要睡觉去，到现在还在这逛荡，快睡觉去，明天还得上班呢－－别忘了洗脚！
[ 回应此贴 |
查看原贴 ]
[ 跟贴目录 ] [ 返回论坛 ]